Electric Consumer

Data sources and how we combine them

10public data sources, joined state by state into one table of 36 columns

No agency publishes price, income, outages, generation mix, CO2, climate and solar output in one place. We take ten public files, keep each one's date and licence, and join them on state codes. The result is one downloadable table with 51 rows. Seven more sources feed single layers (rate plans, energy burden, floods, outages, bill help, EV charging, appliances) and are listed below with their licences. Most are U.S. government publications; the CC BY datasets are credited to their publishers.

The sources

Data sources
SourceWhat we takeData periodRetrievedLicenceJoined on
EIA-861 annual electric power industry report, 2024 finalUtility prices and customer counts, SAIDI and SAIFI, net metering, service territories, retail choice parts A to D, advanced meters, time-of-use programsdata year 2024 (2015 to 2023 files for history)1 Oct 2026U.S. government data, public domain; EIA asks for citationUtility ID, state, county FIPS
EIA electricity retail sales, annual and monthly (API v2)State prices by sector, average use, typical bill by month, 2026 to dateannual 2010 to 2025, monthly to Jul 20261 Oct 2026U.S. government data, public domain; cite EIAState code, sector, year or month
EIA Short-Term Energy OutlookNational price forecast on the 2026 pageforecast to 2027, national only1 Oct 2026U.S. government data, public domain; cite EIASector, month
EIA natural gas prices, residential, annual and monthlyGas side of the heat pump comparison20251 Oct 2026U.S. government data, public domain; cite EIAState code
EIA-923 generation (2025 final) and EIA-860 generator file (2025)Generation mix, capacity, planned retirements and additionsdata year 20252 Oct 2026U.S. government data, public domain; cite EIAState code, fuel group
EPA eGRID2023 (rev2, June 2025)CO2, NOx and SO2 per MWh of generation inside each statedata year 20232 Oct 2026U.S. government data, public domain; cite EPAState code
NOAA NCEI nClimDiv statewide heating and cooling degree-daysDegree-days: how cold and how hot a state is2015 to 2025, normals 1991 to 2020 (files dated 4 Sep 2026)2 Oct 2026U.S. government data, free to reuse; cite NOAA NCEIState code (Hawaii and DC not covered)
NLR (formerly NREL) PVWatts v8 APISolar output per kW for one point per statetypical weather year, 1 kW fixed roof system2 Oct 2026Computed by us from the free API; we publish results only, API terms of use applyState code (population-weighted centre)
U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 5-year, 2023Median household income, population, households, heating fuel2019 to 20231 Oct 2026U.S. government data, public domain; cite Census BureauState FIPS
Census cartographic boundary files 2023 (states, counties)Maps20231 Oct 2026U.S. government data, public domainState FIPS

ten public sources: this page, 6 Oct 2026.

CSV

Other sources used on single layers

Sources used on single layers
SourceWhat we takeLicence and credit
Utility Rate Database (URDB), OpenEIPublished rate plans by utility on rate-plan and bill-decoder pagesCC BY 4.0; credit URDB / OpenEI
DOE Low-Income Energy Affordability Data (LEAD) Tool, 2022, via OEDIEnergy cost as a share of income by state and county (energy burden)CC BY 4.0; credit U.S. DOE LEAD Tool / OEDI
OpenFEMA, National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) claims and policiesFlood claims and flood insurance by county, aggregates only, counts under 5 hiddenOpenFEMA terms apply; this product uses the OpenFEMA API, but is not endorsed by FEMA
DOE OE-417 electric emergency incident and disturbance annual summariesMajor outage events by stateU.S. government data; cite DOE
HHS LIHEAP Clearinghouse and ACF reportsBill help programs, funding and disconnection rules by stateU.S. government data; cite HHS/ACF
DOE Alternative Fuels Data Center (AFDC)Public charging stations and vehicle registrations by stateCredit U.S. DOE AFDC; see publisher terms
ENERGY STAR product dataAppliance efficiency figures on appliance pagesU.S. government program data; see publisher terms

Our compiled tables are CC BY 4.0: credit “Electric Consumer” and link the page or file. See the terms.

How the sources are combined

  1. 1. DownloadEach file is saved as published, with its retrieval date.
  2. 2. NormaliseUtility and state names are matched on codes (EIA utility ID, state code, county FIPS), never on spelling alone.
  3. 3. Join on the statePrices, income, outages, generation, CO2, degree-days and solar output meet in one table with one row per state.
  4. 4. ComputeTypical bill, burden, weighted SAIDI, heat pump cost and solar value are our arithmetic, with the formula on the page that uses it.
  5. 5. Publish with the dateEvery chart and table names its source, its data year and a CSV.

The joined table is state-metrics-2025.csv. Utility, county and city pages use the same sources with finer keys.

How to cite a source

Name the agency and the file, then the data period and the date you retrieved it. For the files on this site:

  • EIA-861 annual electric power industry report, 2024 final, data year 2024 (2015 to 2023 files for history), retrieved 1 Oct 2026.
  • EIA electricity retail sales, annual and monthly (API v2), annual 2010 to 2025, monthly to Jul 2026, retrieved 1 Oct 2026.
  • EIA Short-Term Energy Outlook, forecast to 2027, national only, retrieved 1 Oct 2026.
  • EIA natural gas prices, residential, annual and monthly, 2025, retrieved 1 Oct 2026.
  • EIA-923 generation (2025 final) and EIA-860 generator file (2025), data year 2025, retrieved 2 Oct 2026.
  • EPA eGRID2023 (rev2, June 2025), data year 2023, retrieved 2 Oct 2026.
  • NOAA NCEI nClimDiv statewide heating and cooling degree-days, 2015 to 2025, normals 1991 to 2020 (files dated 4 Sep 2026), retrieved 2 Oct 2026.
  • NLR (formerly NREL) PVWatts v8 API, typical weather year, 1 kW fixed roof system, retrieved 2 Oct 2026.
  • U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 5-year, 2023, 2019 to 2023, retrieved 1 Oct 2026.
  • Census cartographic boundary files 2023 (states, counties), 2023, retrieved 1 Oct 2026.

Which state has which layer

A layer is missing when the source does not cover the state or too few records exist to compare. Pages say "No data" instead of guessing.

  • Prices (EIA retail sales): 51 of 51
  • Income (ACS): 51 of 51
  • Outages (EIA-861, ranked): 44 of 51
  • CO2 (eGRID): 51 of 51
  • Generation mix (EIA-923): 51 of 51
  • Degree-days (NOAA): 48 of 51
  • Solar output (PVWatts): 51 of 51
  • Heat pump vs gas: 45 of 51
  • Retail choice (EIA-861): 51 of 51
  • Smart meters (EIA-861): 51 of 51

Gaps

  • Outages (EIA-861, ranked): not for Alabama, District of Columbia, Hawaii, Rhode Island, Vermont, West Virginia, Wyoming
  • Degree-days (NOAA): not for Alaska, District of Columbia, Hawaii
  • Heat pump vs gas: not for Connecticut, Maine, Maryland, North Carolina, Rhode Island, South Carolina
Which layers each state has
AlabamaYesYesNo dataYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
AlaskaYesYesYesYesYesNo dataYesYesYesYes
ArizonaYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
ArkansasYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
CaliforniaYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
ColoradoYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
ConnecticutYesYesYesYesYesYesYesNo dataYesYes
DelawareYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
District of ColumbiaYesYesNo dataYesYesNo dataYesYesYesYes
FloridaYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
GeorgiaYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
HawaiiYesYesNo dataYesYesNo dataYesYesYesYes
IdahoYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
IllinoisYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
IndianaYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
IowaYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
KansasYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
KentuckyYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
LouisianaYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
MaineYesYesYesYesYesYesYesNo dataYesYes
MarylandYesYesYesYesYesYesYesNo dataYesYes
MassachusettsYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
MichiganYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
MinnesotaYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
MississippiYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
MissouriYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
MontanaYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
NebraskaYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
NevadaYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
New HampshireYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
New JerseyYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
New MexicoYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
New YorkYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
North CarolinaYesYesYesYesYesYesYesNo dataYesYes
North DakotaYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
OhioYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
OklahomaYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
OregonYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
PennsylvaniaYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
Rhode IslandYesYesNo dataYesYesYesYesNo dataYesYes
South CarolinaYesYesYesYesYesYesYesNo dataYesYes
South DakotaYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
TennesseeYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
TexasYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
UtahYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
VermontYesYesNo dataYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
VirginiaYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
WashingtonYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
West VirginiaYesYesNo dataYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
WisconsinYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
WyomingYesYesNo dataYesYesYesYesYesYesYes

50 states and DC: this site's data layers, 6 Oct 2026.

CSV

Which year each source describes

Year of each source
SourceYear
EIA retail sales2025 annual, monthly to Jul 2026
EIA-8612024 final
EIA-923 and EIA-8602025
EPA eGRID2023
NOAA degree-daysto 2025
Census ACS2019 to 2023
PVWattstypical year

Known limits

Known limits
LimitWhat it means
Years differPrices are 2025, outages 2024, CO2 2023. A cross-source row mixes years; the table says which year each column is.
Averages, not ratesEIA prices are revenue divided by kWh. They are not plan prices, and they include every kind of customer in a class.
State is one pointA state average hides large differences inside it: cities, co-ops, mountains and coasts. The utility and county pages go finer.
Outage numbers are reported by utilitiesEIA-861 SAIDI is filed by each utility, with different measurement methods; major events are excluded.
Emissions are plants in the stateeGRID does not count imports, so a state that buys power has a different footprint.
Solar output is modelledPVWatts is a model for one point per state, not a measurement of any roof.

Where each source is used

Questions

Where does the data come from?

From U.S. government sources: EIA for prices, utilities, outages and generation, EPA for emissions, NOAA for degree-days, the Census Bureau for income and maps, and NLR (formerly NREL) PVWatts for solar output.

Can I reuse the data?

The source files are U.S. government publications and free to reuse; EIA, EPA, NOAA and Census ask for citation. Our own tables carry the same attribution. PVWatts results are ours; the API has its own terms.

How fresh is it?

Each source has a data year and a retrieval date in the table. Prices are 2025 annual with monthly data to Jul 2026; outages 2024; eGRID 2023.

Why not use the newest eGRID or EIA-861?

We use the newest release we could download on the retrieval date. EIA-861 2025 is not published yet; eGRID lags by about two years.

How do you join sources that use different codes?

On the state code for state tables, EIA utility ID for utilities and county FIPS for counties. We never match on a name alone.

What happens when a state is missing from a source?

It is left out of that ranking and the page says so. The coverage table lists the gaps.

Is there an error rate?

Source tables are as published. Our own arithmetic is shown on each page and is reproducible from the CSV files.

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10 public data sources, joined state by state into one table of 36 columns